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Is China a rogue donor, as some media pundits suggest? Or is China helping the developing world pave a pathway out of poverty, as the Chinese claim? In the last few years, China's aid program has leapt out of the shadows. Media reports about huge aid packages, support for pariah regimes, regiments of Chinese labor, and the ruthless exploitation of workers and natural resources in some of the poorest countries in the world sparked fierce debates. These debates, however, took place with very few hard facts. China's tradition of secrecy about its aid fueled rumors and speculation, making it difficult to gauge the risks and opportunities provided by China's growing embrace. This well-timed book, by one of the world's leading experts, provides the first comprehensive account of China's aid and economic cooperation overseas. Deborah Brautigam tackles the myths and realities, explaining what the Chinese are doing, how they do it, how much aid they give, and how it all fits into their "going global" strategy. Drawing on three decades of experience in China and Africa, and hundreds of interviews in Africa, China, Europe and the US, Brautigam shines new light on a topic of great interest. China has ended poverty for hundreds of millions of its own citizens. Will Chinese engagement benefit Africa? Using hard data and a series of vivid stories ranging across agriculture, industry, natural resources, and governance, Brautigam's fascinating book provides an answer. It is essential reading for anyone concerned with China's rise, and what it might mean for the challenge of ending poverty in Africa.
著者について
Deborah Brautigam is the author of Chinese Aid and African Development (1998), Aid Dependence and Governance (2000), and coeditor of Taxation and State-Building in Developing Countries (2008). A long-time observer of Asia and Africa, she has lived in China, West Africa and Southern Africa, and traveled extensively across both regions as a Fulbright researcher and consultant for the World Bank, the UN, and other development agencies. She is a professor in the International Development Program at American University's School of International Service in Washington, DC.
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最も参考になったカスタマーレビュー
4 人中、4人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
形式:ハードカバー
アフリカに進出した中国の経済活動を脅威視する国際世論が高まっているが、それは果たして事実なのか？と疑問を投げかけ、誇張された中国脅威論の「神話」をデータや実地調査に基づいて解きほぐしていくのが本書の趣旨である。現在の中国のアフリカでの活動は援助とビジネスとを融合させた形が中心であるが、これは日本をモデルにしていると指摘される。かつて中国市場に入ってきた日本や欧米は援助をテコに市場開拓したが、中国はこの受け手としての経験を今度は供給側としてアフリカに対して応用しているのだという。
中国がアフリカで様々な軋轢を引き起こしているのは事実である。ただし、経済活動というのはプラス・マイナス様々な要因が複雑に絡まりあっており、どの側面に注目するかによって違ったイメージが浮かび上がり、何が「真実」なのか黒白はっきりと断定するのは難しい。分かりやすく単純化された図式的批判はかえって問題解決の方向性を誤りかねない。もちろん中国の行動にも問題が多々あるわけで、それは当然批判されるべきにしても、現実に何が実効性を持っているのか、違う視点から考えていくことも必要だろう。
中国がアフリカで様々な軋轢を引き起こしているのは事実である。ただし、経済活動というのはプラス・マイナス様々な要因が複雑に絡まりあっており、どの側面に注目するかによって違ったイメージが浮かび上がり、何が「真実」なのか黒白はっきりと断定するのは難しい。分かりやすく単純化された図式的批判はかえって問題解決の方向性を誤りかねない。もちろん中国の行動にも問題が多々あるわけで、それは当然批判されるべきにしても、現実に何が実効性を持っているのか、違う視点から考えていくことも必要だろう。
1 人中、1人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
形式:ハードカバー|Amazonが確認した購入
アフリカの援助にODAを通して係わる者としては、中国の援助について興味がある。
先日は、「アフリカを食い荒らす中国」というフランス人グループが編集した本を読んで、強烈な印象を与えられた。この本はそれとはまったく逆と言っていいほどの内容である。アフリカにおける中国の進出について、記述の背景が確かであることは両者共に違いはないが、その見方が少し違うようだ。「アフリカを食い荒らす中国」は、作者たちにその気がないとしても、中国批判に傾きそうな内容である。一方この本は、できるだけ中国の負の面を出さないようにして書いた、と思わざるを得ない箇所が多々あった。確かに、この本の中で書かれている、中国人の成功の理由が（これはODAではなく、個人による投資によって成功した事例であるが）東アジア人の生来の勤勉さと、中国本土での貧困から脱した経験がなさしめたものである、との著者の指摘に納得し（反語として、西欧人はここまでしなかった、と言う意味でもある）、中国人の忍耐強さと丁寧な仕事ぶりには共感を覚えた。
作者によると、この本の目的は、「アフリカに対する中国の経済支援の実態を通じて、アフリカの貧困と発展と、先進国が行ってきた開発と支援の意味を知ること、」となっている。その意味ではこの本は成功している。よく調べて書いてあると思った。また、努めて事実を書こうとしていることが感じられるので、読者としても、偏見なしに読もう、という気になる。
著者は「中国の援助は西側が批難するような内容ではない」、「援助金額は思ったほどに大きなものではないし、ODAよりも投資金額のほうが大きいくらいであるが、それとても驚くほどの金額ではない。」と中国恐怖論をなだめるような記述の一方で、「アフリカにおける中国の存在は大きなものがあり、その援助は戦略的であり、計画的で、長期的で、展開的である。」と方向付けている。とはいえ、やはり中国の非干渉主義を建前とした無差別援助には疑問を呈せざるを得ない。そういうことがこの本では多く語られていないが、中国の援助方針が資料として載っているので、それとこの本に書かれている、援助の内容を注意深く読むと、援助方針と実際にやっていることとが矛盾していることが分かる、援助に当たっては結構内政に干渉しているし、条件もつけているのである。
著者によると、中国は日本が行ってきた中国を含む東南アジアでの援助方式を見習ってアフリカに援助をしているのだという。日本の援助は資源外交であり、日本製品を輸出するための援助だった、と述べるのである。一方で、そのおかげで東南アジアは発展した、と言い添えることも忘れていない。著者はこの方式について許容も批難もしていないが、私は中国がやろうとしている日本式の援助（私にはそうとは思えないところもある）が、アフリカに通じるものかと疑問に思う。この本からも感じることだが、国民のことを真剣に考えない指導者がアフリカには多すぎる。そういう国々に中国が無差別に援助をしても、それらが一般の人々に平等に行き渡らないので国は発展しないのではないか、と思ってしまうのだった。
この本から得るものがあったのは、見方を変えての中国の支援を知ることが出来た、ということである。読み応えのある、そして終始中立であろうとして書いた著者の見識に、敬意を表したい。
先日は、「アフリカを食い荒らす中国」というフランス人グループが編集した本を読んで、強烈な印象を与えられた。この本はそれとはまったく逆と言っていいほどの内容である。アフリカにおける中国の進出について、記述の背景が確かであることは両者共に違いはないが、その見方が少し違うようだ。「アフリカを食い荒らす中国」は、作者たちにその気がないとしても、中国批判に傾きそうな内容である。一方この本は、できるだけ中国の負の面を出さないようにして書いた、と思わざるを得ない箇所が多々あった。確かに、この本の中で書かれている、中国人の成功の理由が（これはODAではなく、個人による投資によって成功した事例であるが）東アジア人の生来の勤勉さと、中国本土での貧困から脱した経験がなさしめたものである、との著者の指摘に納得し（反語として、西欧人はここまでしなかった、と言う意味でもある）、中国人の忍耐強さと丁寧な仕事ぶりには共感を覚えた。
作者によると、この本の目的は、「アフリカに対する中国の経済支援の実態を通じて、アフリカの貧困と発展と、先進国が行ってきた開発と支援の意味を知ること、」となっている。その意味ではこの本は成功している。よく調べて書いてあると思った。また、努めて事実を書こうとしていることが感じられるので、読者としても、偏見なしに読もう、という気になる。
著者は「中国の援助は西側が批難するような内容ではない」、「援助金額は思ったほどに大きなものではないし、ODAよりも投資金額のほうが大きいくらいであるが、それとても驚くほどの金額ではない。」と中国恐怖論をなだめるような記述の一方で、「アフリカにおける中国の存在は大きなものがあり、その援助は戦略的であり、計画的で、長期的で、展開的である。」と方向付けている。とはいえ、やはり中国の非干渉主義を建前とした無差別援助には疑問を呈せざるを得ない。そういうことがこの本では多く語られていないが、中国の援助方針が資料として載っているので、それとこの本に書かれている、援助の内容を注意深く読むと、援助方針と実際にやっていることとが矛盾していることが分かる、援助に当たっては結構内政に干渉しているし、条件もつけているのである。
著者によると、中国は日本が行ってきた中国を含む東南アジアでの援助方式を見習ってアフリカに援助をしているのだという。日本の援助は資源外交であり、日本製品を輸出するための援助だった、と述べるのである。一方で、そのおかげで東南アジアは発展した、と言い添えることも忘れていない。著者はこの方式について許容も批難もしていないが、私は中国がやろうとしている日本式の援助（私にはそうとは思えないところもある）が、アフリカに通じるものかと疑問に思う。この本からも感じることだが、国民のことを真剣に考えない指導者がアフリカには多すぎる。そういう国々に中国が無差別に援助をしても、それらが一般の人々に平等に行き渡らないので国は発展しないのではないか、と思ってしまうのだった。
この本から得るものがあったのは、見方を変えての中国の支援を知ることが出来た、ということである。読み応えのある、そして終始中立であろうとして書いた著者の見識に、敬意を表したい。
Amazon.com で最も参考になったカスタマーレビュー (beta)
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11件のカスタマーレビュー
18 人中、17人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
A useful analysis of China's aid and investment in Africa.
2010/5/7
形式:ハードカバー|Amazonが確認した購入
China is often taciturn about the real size and scope of its projects in Africa, so this topic has suffered from much confusion and often from inflated (or guessed) numbers. Prof. Brautigam aims to describe and analyze the real Chinese aid picture, using both anecdotal data obtained from many personal visits to Chinese development projects in Africa and also statistical data obtained through carefully digging into the real numbers behind the headlines.
Although she notes some concerns, Brautigam is on balance fairly positive on China's role, especially in its emphasis on practicalities. I learned many things, including:
* China explicitly declares that its programs are aiming for "mutual benefits" and "win-win" rather than simply dispensing charity. For example, projects may be directly profitable, or they may foster Chinese trade. Interestingly, this peer-peer style is often popular with recipients.
* The main Chinese focus is on fostering economic development (in infrastructure, agriculture, or industry) as the path to a better future, rather than on relieving today's symptoms.
* China is consciously reusing strategies that seemed to work in developing China itself. For example, in the 1950s Japan provided China with development loans and technology tied to specific projects, and was repaid with the products of the resulting Chinese factory or mine. China perceives this as a key "win-win" strategy for development.
* China emphasizes "no strings" and non-interference in countries internal affairs. However a key goal, especially in earlier years, was building up support for the PRC against Taiwan. Aid would only be given to those countries that recognized Beijing as the sole government of China. While China's "no strings" policies might appear to tolerate dictatorships and corruption, Brautigam observes that in practice the West's actions are not so very different: despite all the hopeful talk of "conditionality", much Western aid, investment and military hardware still flows to extremely unpleasant regimes.
* China provides some humanitarian aid, notably medical teams and post-disaster assistance. But this is relatively modest. Brautigam believes Chinese non-commercial aid to Africa is still only a small fraction of Western aid.
* Chinese workers (including technical experts) work relatively cheaply and typically live at close to local living standards. This is perceived as very different from the highly paid and expensively supplied Western experts.
* China's engagements are often weak on environmental issues, and on social and human rights issues. This is improving, but slowly. China tends to assume that its own internal strategy of putting development first is still the right one.
* There has been a great deal of misreporting of Chinese aid figures in Western media. This is partly because China is taciturn and partly because it uses different measurement criteria. For example, if China makes a below-market-rate loan, it only treats the reduction in interest payments as "aid", whereas a Western government treats the whole loan amount as "aid". (I think I prefer the Chinese methodology here.) But there is also enormous media confusion between (a) true non-commercial "aid" (b) subsidized "aid" loans for commercial projects (c) business loans on normal commercial terms, and (d) commercial business China does in Africa, sometimes paid for by another donor country. For all these categories, Brautigam tries to extract and compare true apples-to-apples Chinese and Western numbers.
* China is consciously trying to move its mature industries offshore. For example, the Chinese government is providing financial incentives for moving textile manufacturing out of China. (Fascinating!)
These brief notes only touch the tip of the iceberg: there is much more of interest in the book.
In general, I'd recommend this as very useful reading for anyone interested in either African development or China's foreign policy. My one caution would be that it is not light reading: Brautigam provides reams of detail and many carefully analyzed statistics. This is all useful, but can occasionally be slow going.
Although she notes some concerns, Brautigam is on balance fairly positive on China's role, especially in its emphasis on practicalities. I learned many things, including:
* China explicitly declares that its programs are aiming for "mutual benefits" and "win-win" rather than simply dispensing charity. For example, projects may be directly profitable, or they may foster Chinese trade. Interestingly, this peer-peer style is often popular with recipients.
* The main Chinese focus is on fostering economic development (in infrastructure, agriculture, or industry) as the path to a better future, rather than on relieving today's symptoms.
* China is consciously reusing strategies that seemed to work in developing China itself. For example, in the 1950s Japan provided China with development loans and technology tied to specific projects, and was repaid with the products of the resulting Chinese factory or mine. China perceives this as a key "win-win" strategy for development.
* China emphasizes "no strings" and non-interference in countries internal affairs. However a key goal, especially in earlier years, was building up support for the PRC against Taiwan. Aid would only be given to those countries that recognized Beijing as the sole government of China. While China's "no strings" policies might appear to tolerate dictatorships and corruption, Brautigam observes that in practice the West's actions are not so very different: despite all the hopeful talk of "conditionality", much Western aid, investment and military hardware still flows to extremely unpleasant regimes.
* China provides some humanitarian aid, notably medical teams and post-disaster assistance. But this is relatively modest. Brautigam believes Chinese non-commercial aid to Africa is still only a small fraction of Western aid.
* Chinese workers (including technical experts) work relatively cheaply and typically live at close to local living standards. This is perceived as very different from the highly paid and expensively supplied Western experts.
* China's engagements are often weak on environmental issues, and on social and human rights issues. This is improving, but slowly. China tends to assume that its own internal strategy of putting development first is still the right one.
* There has been a great deal of misreporting of Chinese aid figures in Western media. This is partly because China is taciturn and partly because it uses different measurement criteria. For example, if China makes a below-market-rate loan, it only treats the reduction in interest payments as "aid", whereas a Western government treats the whole loan amount as "aid". (I think I prefer the Chinese methodology here.) But there is also enormous media confusion between (a) true non-commercial "aid" (b) subsidized "aid" loans for commercial projects (c) business loans on normal commercial terms, and (d) commercial business China does in Africa, sometimes paid for by another donor country. For all these categories, Brautigam tries to extract and compare true apples-to-apples Chinese and Western numbers.
* China is consciously trying to move its mature industries offshore. For example, the Chinese government is providing financial incentives for moving textile manufacturing out of China. (Fascinating!)
These brief notes only touch the tip of the iceberg: there is much more of interest in the book.
In general, I'd recommend this as very useful reading for anyone interested in either African development or China's foreign policy. My one caution would be that it is not light reading: Brautigam provides reams of detail and many carefully analyzed statistics. This is all useful, but can occasionally be slow going.
18 人中、15人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
An excellent analysis
2010/1/27
形式:ハードカバー
Deborah Brautigam's new book, "The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa", presents both a well-researched and unbiased account of Chinese involvement in Africa, as well as useful re-examination of foreign aid in general. The author's 20+ years studying the subject lend her analysis a rigorous academic depth lacking in many studies of Chinese aid, while her personal interviews with top Chinese and African officials, as well as local African business people, provide insightful perspectives likewise not found in many sources. Moreover, Brautigam's fluid narrative style and overviews of economic development, which she weaves into the beginning chapters, make the book equally accessible to seasoned development practitioners and students alike. In short, "The Dragon's Gift" is absolutely a must read for anyone interested in the subject of Chinese aid to Africa, and also forms a useful text for understanding the historical context and shifting role of foreign aid in Africa at the dawn of the 21st century.
21 人中、17人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
a new light on a topic of great interest.
2010/1/18
形式:ハードカバー|Amazonが確認した購入
American University Professor Deborah Brautigam writes that China is listening to Africa.
All good relationships involve communication. In the past. when South Africa complained about the "tsunami" of textiles from China, Beijing agreed to voluntary export restraints. When Zambian workers rioted at Chinese-owned mines, Chinese officials openly criticized the owners' labor practices. There are clearly rocky areas in this relationship, but on balance, Brautigam sees more on the positive side of the ledger that the Chinese are doing well by Africa.
Brautigam believes it is up to Africans to ensure that the net result for Africa is good. China's huge demand for Africa's commodities has created new opportunities for African governments to realize the hopes of their people for a better life. Countries that set their house in order, can position themselves to benefit, and those that do not will find their resources continue to be simply a "curse"--with or without China.
China has ratcheted up its manufacturing investment in Africa, where new industries were sorely needed to counter decades of deindustrialization. China has established investment funds to promote Chinese investment in Africa. Teams from China have visited Mauritius, South Africa, and elsewhere - scouting locations for enterprise zones and industrial districts, which would join Chinese industrial zones in Ethiopia, Zambia, and Nigeria, and Chinese factories making batteries in Mozambique, shoes in Nigeria, ethyl alcohol in Benin, and a host of other products across the continent.
Chinese factories offer not only jobs--they also use production technologies that African entrepreneurs can easily adopt. Chinese firms act as catalysts and models for the African Diaspora to invest their investment capital in Africa. Taiwanese and Hong Kong firms stimulated a rush of copy-cat local investment in Nigeria and were catalysts for the boom of local investment in the "Mauritius miracle" of the 1980s and 1990s. Brautigam says let's have more of this.
This well-timed book, by one of the world's leading experts, provides the first comprehensive account of China's aid and economic cooperation overseas. Deborah Brautigam tackles the myths and realities, explaining what the Chinese are investing, how they are contributing to African Industrialization and agribusiness, how they do it, how much aid they give, and how it all fits into their "going global" strategy. Drawing on three decades of experience in China and Africa, and hundreds of interviews in Africa, China, Europe and the U.S., Brautigam shines new light on a topic of great interest.
Table of Contents
Prologue: The Changing Face of Chinese Engagement in Africa; 1. Missionaries and Maoists: How China Moved from "Red" to "Expert"; 2. Feeling the Stones: Deng Xiaoping's Aid Experiments; 3. Going Global: Foreign Aid in the Toolkit of a Rising China; 4. Eastern Promises: An Aid System with Chinese Characteristics; 5. Orient Express: How Does Chinese Aid and Engagement Work?; 6. Apples and Lychees: How Much Aid Does China Give?; 7. Flying Geese, Crouching Tiger: China's Changing Role in African Industrialization; 8. Asian Tsunami: How a Tidal Wave can also be a Catalyst; 9. Exporting Green Revolution: From Aid to Agribusiness; 10. Foreign Farmers: Chinese Settlers, African Plantations; 11. Rogue Donor? Myths and Realities of Chinese Aid and Engagement; Conclusion: Engaging China
All good relationships involve communication. In the past. when South Africa complained about the "tsunami" of textiles from China, Beijing agreed to voluntary export restraints. When Zambian workers rioted at Chinese-owned mines, Chinese officials openly criticized the owners' labor practices. There are clearly rocky areas in this relationship, but on balance, Brautigam sees more on the positive side of the ledger that the Chinese are doing well by Africa.
Brautigam believes it is up to Africans to ensure that the net result for Africa is good. China's huge demand for Africa's commodities has created new opportunities for African governments to realize the hopes of their people for a better life. Countries that set their house in order, can position themselves to benefit, and those that do not will find their resources continue to be simply a "curse"--with or without China.
China has ratcheted up its manufacturing investment in Africa, where new industries were sorely needed to counter decades of deindustrialization. China has established investment funds to promote Chinese investment in Africa. Teams from China have visited Mauritius, South Africa, and elsewhere - scouting locations for enterprise zones and industrial districts, which would join Chinese industrial zones in Ethiopia, Zambia, and Nigeria, and Chinese factories making batteries in Mozambique, shoes in Nigeria, ethyl alcohol in Benin, and a host of other products across the continent.
Chinese factories offer not only jobs--they also use production technologies that African entrepreneurs can easily adopt. Chinese firms act as catalysts and models for the African Diaspora to invest their investment capital in Africa. Taiwanese and Hong Kong firms stimulated a rush of copy-cat local investment in Nigeria and were catalysts for the boom of local investment in the "Mauritius miracle" of the 1980s and 1990s. Brautigam says let's have more of this.
This well-timed book, by one of the world's leading experts, provides the first comprehensive account of China's aid and economic cooperation overseas. Deborah Brautigam tackles the myths and realities, explaining what the Chinese are investing, how they are contributing to African Industrialization and agribusiness, how they do it, how much aid they give, and how it all fits into their "going global" strategy. Drawing on three decades of experience in China and Africa, and hundreds of interviews in Africa, China, Europe and the U.S., Brautigam shines new light on a topic of great interest.
Table of Contents
Prologue: The Changing Face of Chinese Engagement in Africa; 1. Missionaries and Maoists: How China Moved from "Red" to "Expert"; 2. Feeling the Stones: Deng Xiaoping's Aid Experiments; 3. Going Global: Foreign Aid in the Toolkit of a Rising China; 4. Eastern Promises: An Aid System with Chinese Characteristics; 5. Orient Express: How Does Chinese Aid and Engagement Work?; 6. Apples and Lychees: How Much Aid Does China Give?; 7. Flying Geese, Crouching Tiger: China's Changing Role in African Industrialization; 8. Asian Tsunami: How a Tidal Wave can also be a Catalyst; 9. Exporting Green Revolution: From Aid to Agribusiness; 10. Foreign Farmers: Chinese Settlers, African Plantations; 11. Rogue Donor? Myths and Realities of Chinese Aid and Engagement; Conclusion: Engaging China
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