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Some central questions in the natural and social sciences can't be answered by controlled laboratory experiments, often considered to be the hallmark of the scientific method. This impossibility holds for any science concerned with the past. In addition, many manipulative experiments, while possible, would be considered immoral or illegal. One has to devise other methods of observing, describing, and explaining the world.
In the historical disciplines, a fruitful approach has been to use natural experiments or the comparative method. This book consists of eight comparative studies drawn from history, archeology, economics, economic history, geography, and political science. The studies cover a spectrum of approaches, ranging from a non-quantitative narrative style in the early chapters to quantitative statistical analyses in the later chapters. The studies range from a simple two-way comparison of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which share the island of Hispaniola, to comparisons of 81 Pacific islands and 233 areas of India. The societies discussed are contemporary ones, literate societies of recent centuries, and non-literate past societies. Geographically, they include the United States, Mexico, Brazil, western Europe, tropical Africa, India, Siberia, Australia, New Zealand, and other Pacific islands.
In an Afterword, the editors discuss how to cope with methodological problems common to these and other natural experiments of history.
(20100325)著者について
Jared Diamond is Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles. His books include Guns, Germs, and Steel.
James A. Robinson is Professor of Government, Harvard University.
James A. Robinson is Professor of Government, Harvard University.
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7 人中、7人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
形式:ハードカバー|Amazonが確認した購入
社会の仕組みが変わると経済発展の度合いが変わることは誰でも知っている。しかし実験ができないから証明は難しい。いや歴史を仔細に研究すれば、歴史の偶然が実験をしてくれているというのが本書の趣旨であり表題でもある。7組の学者がそれぞれ論文を寄せ、7章を構成している
例えば第4章が面白い。Cubaの東隣のHispaniola島は、歴史の悪戯で東半分がスペインから独立したDominica共和国、西半分はフランスから独立したHaiti（近年の地震で有名）だ。植民地時代はHaitiの方が経済力があり、Dominica共和国が独立した直後にはHaitiに占領された。しかし今ではHaitiの1人当たりGDPはDominica共和国の1/7に留まる。Haitiの攘夷主義とDominica共和国の開国主義の対照がこの差を生んだとする。
他には、Polynesia人がほぼ同時期に入植したHawaiiや仏領Polynesiaなどのその後の差異の理由、世界の植民地の発展段階、銀行の発達は普通選挙の民主主義と不離一体であること、奴隷狩りの拉致が無ければアフリカはもっと発展していたこと、インドのマハラジャの勢いが強かった地方は社会インフラ整備が遅れたこと、仏が軍事的に広めた自由平等主義が独の経済発展を促したこと、などの論文が掲載されている。
7章を通じて独断を排し科学的な分析を行っている。歴史の一つの見方として大変面白い。
例えば第4章が面白い。Cubaの東隣のHispaniola島は、歴史の悪戯で東半分がスペインから独立したDominica共和国、西半分はフランスから独立したHaiti（近年の地震で有名）だ。植民地時代はHaitiの方が経済力があり、Dominica共和国が独立した直後にはHaitiに占領された。しかし今ではHaitiの1人当たりGDPはDominica共和国の1/7に留まる。Haitiの攘夷主義とDominica共和国の開国主義の対照がこの差を生んだとする。
他には、Polynesia人がほぼ同時期に入植したHawaiiや仏領Polynesiaなどのその後の差異の理由、世界の植民地の発展段階、銀行の発達は普通選挙の民主主義と不離一体であること、奴隷狩りの拉致が無ければアフリカはもっと発展していたこと、インドのマハラジャの勢いが強かった地方は社会インフラ整備が遅れたこと、仏が軍事的に広めた自由平等主義が独の経済発展を促したこと、などの論文が掲載されている。
7章を通じて独断を排し科学的な分析を行っている。歴史の一つの見方として大変面白い。
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Amazon.com:
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62 人中、62人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
Dry, but worth the read if you're into the subject matter.
2010/1/5
形式:ハードカバー|Amazonが確認した購入
Jared Diamond has written brilliant books (Guns, Germs and Steel; Collapse; The Third Chimpanzee among others) that triangulate data from an array of different fields to reach conclusions about our history on this planet. His belief in that methodology for understanding our species and our history is what is at the heart of this collection of essays, which he edited along with a colleague. Indeed, the book is a defense of those methodologies.
Some of the essays are more interesting than others: notable is the one which quantitatively correlates the extent of the slave trade in various African countries with the state of their modern-day economic development (or rather, the lack thereof.)
It's a bit of a dry read -- in some essays more than in others. But if this methodology for understanding our past interests you, it's worth the read.
Some of the essays are more interesting than others: notable is the one which quantitatively correlates the extent of the slave trade in various African countries with the state of their modern-day economic development (or rather, the lack thereof.)
It's a bit of a dry read -- in some essays more than in others. But if this methodology for understanding our past interests you, it's worth the read.
58 人中、53人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
Interesting, but not a typical Diamond book.
2010/3/2
形式:ハードカバー
I am a huge fan of Collapse and Guns, Germs, and Steel, and also enjoyed The Third Chimpanzee. Am eagerly awaiting the follow-up to Collapse.
This book is a collection of 7 essays, most of which are quite dry and academic. Definitely not as readable as the books I mentioned above.
Diamond co-wrote the prologue (which is mostly a summary of the book's contents) and afterword. He also authored (alone) one chapter, which is a comparison of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Specifically, he examines why Haiti and the DR have turned out so differently, despite the fact that they share the same island. Much of this is discussed also in his book Collapse, but the chapter is still very interesting.
Another chapter (by Kirch) compares a few different Polynesian islands, to try and discover which variables led to different political histories. Some areas of the world discussed in other chapters are: West Africa, India, and the western US, among a couple of others. Some of these chapters are more interesting than others. None is probably as readable as Diamond's own.
This is definitely not a light read, and it is not something that most people will read cover to cover. An important book for the academic community perhaps, but not for the average reader (like me). Overall kind of boring.
This book is a collection of 7 essays, most of which are quite dry and academic. Definitely not as readable as the books I mentioned above.
Diamond co-wrote the prologue (which is mostly a summary of the book's contents) and afterword. He also authored (alone) one chapter, which is a comparison of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Specifically, he examines why Haiti and the DR have turned out so differently, despite the fact that they share the same island. Much of this is discussed also in his book Collapse, but the chapter is still very interesting.
Another chapter (by Kirch) compares a few different Polynesian islands, to try and discover which variables led to different political histories. Some areas of the world discussed in other chapters are: West Africa, India, and the western US, among a couple of others. Some of these chapters are more interesting than others. None is probably as readable as Diamond's own.
This is definitely not a light read, and it is not something that most people will read cover to cover. An important book for the academic community perhaps, but not for the average reader (like me). Overall kind of boring.
22 人中、20人の方が、｢このレビューが参考になった｣と投票しています。
Natural experiments in history
2010/3/14
形式:ハードカバー|Amazonが確認した購入
Natural experiments in history is a fascinating set of essays looking at seven historical "experiments". Each chapter has a different author who presents the reader with a wealth of information of their subject of expertise. The writing styles vary, as expected, from author to author. Jared Diamond's chapter on the origin of the differences between Haiti and the Dominican republic, and on different Pacific Islands is the highlight of the book and I wondered why the entire book wasn't on these topics. The chapter on Politics and Banking was less stimulating to me. Of course, the real value of these lessons of history is their application today. We seem destined to repeat the mistakes over and over. I fully recommend this to anyone interested in reasons why societies rise and fall.
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